We set out to investigate how zinc might help protect heart cells from damage caused by a lack of blood flow, known as myocardial ischemia-reperfusion injury (MIRI). Using H9C2 cells, which are derived from rat heart tissue, we simulated this injury by depriving these cells of oxygen and then reintroducing it while treating them with zinc.
Through this process, we found that zinc treatment significantly increased cell viability compared to those that did not receive zinc. Cells exposed to ischemia showed typical signs of trauma, like heightened levels of apoptosis—or programmed cell death—and calcium overload, which can further damage cells.
Interestingly, zinc seemed to tackle these issues by lowering the levels of certain proteins related to cell death. It also played a role in regulating calcium levels by interacting with various cellular pathways. In fact, when we silenced specific proteins involved in these pathways, the protective benefits of zinc were even more pronounced.
Our findings suggest that zinc can relieve the harmful effects of ischemia by mitigating cell death and regulating calcium overload, which offers hope for future treatments for heart-related conditions impacted by blood flow interruptions.
Read More
8
Zinc and ANP support heart health
ANP Increases Zn Accumulation During Reperfusion in Ex Vivo and In Vivo Hearts.
We explored the relationship between atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) and zinc, particularly how they work together to protect the heart during reperfusion after ischemia. The study involved comparing various experimental rats and mice, as well as assessing plasma samples from patients experiencing heart-related conditions.
Our findings highlighted that ANP significantly boosts zinc levels during the crucial period of reperfusion. This increase in zinc appears to protect heart cells from damage by helping to maintain mitochondrial health, effectively reducing the size of heart tissue injuries. We observed that when ANP was administered alone, it improved heart function, but combining it with a substance that removes zinc led to poorer outcomes.
We also noted that ANP works through a specific signaling pathway (the PI3K pathway) to decrease levels of a zinc transporter, ZnT8, which is upregulated during reperfusion injury. Interestingly, both ANP and zinc had a role in regulating important proteins linked to heart health. Overall, our research suggests that managing zinc levels through ANP treatment can help shield the heart from the harsh effects of ischemia/reperfusion injury.
Read More
8
Zinc effects on sleep in CVD
Role of toxic and essential elements in sleep duration of patients with cardiovascular diseases.
We investigated how zinc levels may influence sleep duration in patients with cardiovascular diseases (CVDs). Our study included 150 participants from the Ravansar Non-Communicable Disease Cohort Study, where we measured serum concentrations of zinc and other elements, including essential minerals and toxic metals.
A significant finding was that we observed a strong correlation between higher zinc concentrations and optimal sleep duration. Specifically, the data indicated that as zinc levels increased, the likelihood of achieving an appropriate sleep duration of 7 to 8 hours also increased.
However, when we looked deeper into the data, we did not find significant differences in the serum concentrations of both essential and toxic elements across different sleep duration categories. This suggests that while zinc may play a role in regulating sleep duration, it does not entirely account for sleep issues among CVD patients.
Ultimately, our results encourage further exploration of zinc's impact, particularly as it relates to sleep quality and overall health in individuals with cardiovascular conditions.
Read More
Most Useful Reviews
9
Prostate support
1 people found this helpful
I purchased "Zinc Chelate" capsules for my husband to support his cardiovascular system and prostate health. I later took them to help stabilise my blood sugar levels. We are pleased with the results and highly recommend it to older adults as it effectively supports the body, including in tackling cardiovascular disease.
Read More
9
Mild recovery
1 people found this helpful
A good option is a chelated form of zinc, which is easily digestible. My husband and I took it while recovering from coronavirus and feel it certainly aided our recovery, likely easing the impact of any associated cardiovascular disease.
Read More
7.5
Reduced sickness
1 people found this helpful
This is the best zinc I've used. It acts as an immunomodulator and helps combat inflammatory processes. After taking it on courses, we noticed we fell ill much less frequently. It's effective in managing symptoms of illness when taken early, thereby helping with the impact of cardiovascular disease.
We focused our research on how zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnONPs) might help reduce heart damage caused by cisplatin, a well-known chemotherapy drug. In this study, we used rats divided into different groups, some receiving varying doses of ZnONPs and others serving as control groups.
Our findings indicated that as the dosage of ZnONPs increased up to 50 mg/kg, there was a marked improvement in cardiovascular markers. We observed reduced levels of oxidative stress, inflammation, and cell damage in the heart tissues of those treated with ZnONPs. More specifically, measures related to heart tissue health and serum biomarkers showed that rats receiving higher doses exhibited recovery similar to that of healthy rats.
Overall, we concluded that ZnONPs serve as a protective agent against cisplatin-induced cardiotoxicity, showcasing their potential in improving heart health during cancer treatment.
Read More
9
Zinc counters heart cell injury
Zn protects H9C2 cardiomyocytes by alleviating MAMs-associated apoptosis and calcium signaling dysregulation.
We set out to investigate how zinc might help protect heart cells from damage caused by a lack of blood flow, known as myocardial ischemia-reperfusion injury (MIRI). Using H9C2 cells, which are derived from rat heart tissue, we simulated this injury by depriving these cells of oxygen and then reintroducing it while treating them with zinc.
Through this process, we found that zinc treatment significantly increased cell viability compared to those that did not receive zinc. Cells exposed to ischemia showed typical signs of trauma, like heightened levels of apoptosis—or programmed cell death—and calcium overload, which can further damage cells.
Interestingly, zinc seemed to tackle these issues by lowering the levels of certain proteins related to cell death. It also played a role in regulating calcium levels by interacting with various cellular pathways. In fact, when we silenced specific proteins involved in these pathways, the protective benefits of zinc were even more pronounced.
Our findings suggest that zinc can relieve the harmful effects of ischemia by mitigating cell death and regulating calcium overload, which offers hope for future treatments for heart-related conditions impacted by blood flow interruptions.
Read More
8
Zinc and ANP support heart health
ANP Increases Zn Accumulation During Reperfusion in Ex Vivo and In Vivo Hearts.
We explored the relationship between atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) and zinc, particularly how they work together to protect the heart during reperfusion after ischemia. The study involved comparing various experimental rats and mice, as well as assessing plasma samples from patients experiencing heart-related conditions.
Our findings highlighted that ANP significantly boosts zinc levels during the crucial period of reperfusion. This increase in zinc appears to protect heart cells from damage by helping to maintain mitochondrial health, effectively reducing the size of heart tissue injuries. We observed that when ANP was administered alone, it improved heart function, but combining it with a substance that removes zinc led to poorer outcomes.
We also noted that ANP works through a specific signaling pathway (the PI3K pathway) to decrease levels of a zinc transporter, ZnT8, which is upregulated during reperfusion injury. Interestingly, both ANP and zinc had a role in regulating important proteins linked to heart health. Overall, our research suggests that managing zinc levels through ANP treatment can help shield the heart from the harsh effects of ischemia/reperfusion injury.
Read More
8
Zinc effects on sleep in CVD
Role of toxic and essential elements in sleep duration of patients with cardiovascular diseases.
We investigated how zinc levels may influence sleep duration in patients with cardiovascular diseases (CVDs). Our study included 150 participants from the Ravansar Non-Communicable Disease Cohort Study, where we measured serum concentrations of zinc and other elements, including essential minerals and toxic metals.
A significant finding was that we observed a strong correlation between higher zinc concentrations and optimal sleep duration. Specifically, the data indicated that as zinc levels increased, the likelihood of achieving an appropriate sleep duration of 7 to 8 hours also increased.
However, when we looked deeper into the data, we did not find significant differences in the serum concentrations of both essential and toxic elements across different sleep duration categories. This suggests that while zinc may play a role in regulating sleep duration, it does not entirely account for sleep issues among CVD patients.
Ultimately, our results encourage further exploration of zinc's impact, particularly as it relates to sleep quality and overall health in individuals with cardiovascular conditions.
Read More
7
Zinc's role in cardiovascular risk
Dietary zinc intake and 10-year atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease risk in diabetes mellitus patients: evidence from NHANES database.
We explored the relationship between dietary zinc intake and the risk of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD) in patients with diabetes mellitus (DM). Utilizing data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) between 2007 and 2018, we calculated the 10-year ASCVD risk according to established clinical guidelines. Our analysis focused on dietary zinc intake based on food recall data from the participants.
The findings suggest that sufficient dietary zinc intake could positively influence cardiovascular health in diabetes patients. This is particularly important, as diabetes is closely linked with increased oxidative stress and inflammation, two factors that contribute to the development of heart disease. While we see an association between zinc and improved heart health, it's essential to note that further research is needed. Large-scale, well-designed prospective studies should aim to clarify the specific role of zinc in this context.
Overall, our results underscore the potential benefits of zinc for cardiovascular health, particularly in individuals managing diabetes. As we delve deeper into these associations, we aim to provide clearer guidance on how dietary choices can impact health outcomes for those living with diabetes.
I purchased "Zinc Chelate" capsules for my husband to support his cardiovascular system and prostate health. I later took them to help stabilise my blood sugar levels. We are pleased with the results and highly recommend it to older adults as it effectively supports the body, including in tackling cardiovascular disease.
Read More
9
Mild recovery
1 people found this helpful
A good option is a chelated form of zinc, which is easily digestible. My husband and I took it while recovering from coronavirus and feel it certainly aided our recovery, likely easing the impact of any associated cardiovascular disease.
Read More
7.5
Reduced sickness
1 people found this helpful
This is the best zinc I've used. It acts as an immunomodulator and helps combat inflammatory processes. After taking it on courses, we noticed we fell ill much less frequently. It's effective in managing symptoms of illness when taken early, thereby helping with the impact of cardiovascular disease.
Read More
4
Hormonal recovery
1 people found this helpful
Zinc promotes hormone production and aids in immune function and digestion. Essential for healthy cell division, it acts as an antioxidant and combats free radicals, thus slowing the ageing process. This mineral supports hormonal balance, and even slight deficiencies can heighten the risk of infertility and diabetes, making zinc vital for overall health, including in the prevention of cardiovascular disease.
Read More
7.5
Heart protection
I buy this zinc for my semba. It helps protect heart function and lowers the risk of cardiovascular disease while also supporting liver, pancreas, and thyroid health.
Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is a broad term that encompasses a range of heart and blood vessel disorders. This can include conditions such as coronary artery disease, which leads to heart attacks; cerebrovascular disease that results in strokes; and peripheral artery disease affecting blood flow to the limbs. The key risk factors for CVD often include high blood pressure, high cholesterol, obesity, smoking, a sedentary lifestyle, and diabetes. By identifying and managing these risk factors, individuals can significantly reduce their likelihood of developing cardiovascular problems.
Prevention and treatment strategies often involve lifestyle modifications such as adopting a heart-healthy diet rich in fruits, vegetables, whole grains, and lean proteins, alongside engaging in regular physical activity. In some cases, medications might be necessary to control blood pressure or cholesterol levels. Regular check-ups with a healthcare provider are essential for monitoring heart health, especially for individuals with a family history of CVD. Understanding the signs and symptoms of cardiovascular issues—like chest pain, shortness of breath, or fatigue—can help in seeking timely medical attention, ultimately leading to better outcomes.
Zinc is a versatile metal known for its various applications in industry and health. It is a bluish-white metallic element represented by the symbol Zn and atomic number 30 on the periodic table. Zinc is primarily used for galvanizing steel to prevent rusting, in the manufacturing of alloys, and as a component in batteries. Additionally, zinc plays a crucial role in biological processes, making it an essential trace element in the human diet. It is involved in immune function, protein synthesis, wound healing, and DNA synthesis, highlighting its importance in maintaining overall health and well-being.
While zinc is an essential mineral that plays a crucial role in various bodily functions, its direct influence on cardiovascular disease is still under investigation. Zinc is involved in maintaining proper immune function, antioxidant activity, and inflammation reduction, all of which are important for heart health. Some studies suggest that adequate zinc levels may be related to improved cardiovascular outcomes due to its role in reducing oxidative stress and inflammation, factors often associated with heart disease. However, the evidence is not conclusive enough to confidently assert that zinc supplementation can prevent or treat cardiovascular disease.
Incorporating zinc-rich foods such as meat, shellfish, legumes, seeds, nuts, dairy products, and whole grains into your diet can help maintain adequate levels of this mineral, which may support overall heart health. Before considering zinc supplements for cardiovascular benefits, it’s advisable to consult with a healthcare professional to determine individual needs and any potential risks. Overall, while zinc is important for health, it should not be viewed as a standalone solution for cardiovascular disease but rather as part of a balanced diet and healthy lifestyle.
Based on user reviews, the timeline for seeing results from zinc supplements in relation to cardiovascular disease can vary significantly. Some users report noticeable benefits shortly after starting supplementation. For instance, one user mentioned that they were pleased with the results supporting cardiovascular health after consistent use, indicating a relatively quick response Read Review. Others have experienced improvements in their overall health, which contributed to better management of cardiovascular issues during their recovery from illness Read Review.
However, not all experiences were positive; one user noted no effect from taking zinc daily during a respiratory illness, suggesting that not every individual may experience the same results or speed of effect Read Review. Overall, while some users see benefits fairly quickly, others may not notice significant changes, highlighting the importance of individual variability in response to supplementation.
Recent studies suggest that zinc might play a beneficial role in cardiovascular health, particularly in specific populations, but more rigorous research is necessary. One study indicated that dietary zinc intake could positively influence heart health in patients with diabetes, as it may counteract factors like oxidative stress and inflammation that contribute to cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk [1]. Another investigation found that zinc levels are significantly correlated with cardiovascular health metrics in obese adults, noting that higher zinc levels corresponded with better lipid profiles and lower cardiovascular risk [4]. However, this study did not evaluate the effects of zinc supplementation on outcomes, leaving the extent of zinc's benefit unclear.
Moreover, there are indications that zinc can help protect heart cells during ischemic events, potentially by regulating calcium levels and decreasing cell death in myocardial ischemia-reperfusion injury [6]. Nonetheless, while the initial findings about zinc and heart health appear promising, they primarily highlight associations rather than definitive causative effects. As pointed out in various studies, including those assessing zinc's role during treatments like chemotherapy or its interactions within cellular pathways, further large-scale studies are crucial to fully understand how zinc might be effectively utilized in treating or preventing cardiovascular diseases [3], [5]. Thus, while there is some supportive evidence, a conclusive endorsement of zinc as a supplement for cardiovascular disease is still pending.
Based on user reviews, many individuals have reported significant improvements in various health symptoms after incorporating zinc supplements into their routines. For instance, one user noted that taking zinc helped stabilize blood sugar levels and supported cardiovascular health effectively, highlighting its potential benefits for older adults dealing with such issues Read Review. Another review emphasized that both the user and their partner felt that zinc played a role in easing recovery from coronavirus, potentially mitigating the effects of associated cardiovascular diseases Read Review.
Moreover, several users experienced a reduction in the frequency of illness, indicating that zinc might serve as an effective immunomodulator and support for cardiovascular health Read Review. However, it's important to note that individual results can vary; one user remarked on their lack of effect from zinc while managing a respiratory illness, suggesting that not everyone may experience the same level of benefit Read Review. Overall, while many users report positive effects, the variability in experiences underscores the importance of personalized health approaches.
Based on user reviews, many individuals have reported positive experiences when combining zinc supplements with other health strategies for managing cardiovascular disease. For instance, one couple noted that taking chelated zinc during their recovery from coronavirus seemed to ease the impact of associated cardiovascular issues, highlighting its potential effectiveness when integrated into a broader health regimen Read Review. Another user emphasized that zinc not only acts as an immunomodulator but also helps in managing symptoms of illness, thereby mitigating the effects of cardiovascular disease during their recovery Read Review.
Conversely, it's important to note that not all reviews reflected the same positive outcomes. One user stated they noticed no benefit from taking zinc while managing a respiratory illness, suggesting that individual responses can vary significantly Read Review. While many users advocate for the potential cardiovascular benefits when zinc is integrated with other health approaches, it's essential to recognize the variability in effectiveness that different individuals may experience.
Based on user reviews, there seems to be a consensus that zinc can be beneficial for cardiovascular health, though specific dosing information is not provided. Many users reported positive outcomes after incorporating zinc supplements into their regimen, with one user noting that "Zinc Chelate" capsules effectively support the cardiovascular system and overall health, particularly for older adults (Read Review). Others have highlighted how zinc acts as an immunomodulator and helps to mitigate inflammatory processes, indirectly benefiting those with cardiovascular diseases.
Additionally, it is mentioned that chelated forms of zinc are easily digestible and might aid in recovery from illnesses that affect cardiovascular health, as shared by a user who felt the supplement eased the impact of their condition after recovering from coronavirus (Read Review). However, it is important to note that not all experiences were positive; one user reported no noticeable effects on cardiovascular disease symptoms after taking zinc during a respiratory illness (Read Review). Overall, while users advocate for the inclusion of zinc in supporting cardiovascular health, specific recommended doses remain unspecified.
9
Prostate support
1 people found this helpful
I purchased "Zinc Chelate" capsules for my husband to support his cardiovascular system and prostate health. I later took them to help stabilise my blood sugar levels. We are pleased with the results and highly recommend it to older adults as it effectively supports the body, including in tackling cardiovascular disease.
9
Mild recovery
1 people found this helpful
A good option is a chelated form of zinc, which is easily digestible. My husband and I took it while recovering from coronavirus and feel it certainly aided our recovery, likely easing the impact of any associated cardiovascular disease.
2
No benefit
I didn't notice any effect while taking zinc during a respiratory illness, despite drinking it daily. It didn't seem to aid in dealing with cardiovascular disease at all.
7.5
Reduced sickness
1 people found this helpful
This is the best zinc I've used. It acts as an immunomodulator and helps combat inflammatory processes. After taking it on courses, we noticed we fell ill much less frequently. It's effective in managing symptoms of illness when taken early, thereby helping with the impact of cardiovascular disease.
7
Zinc's role in cardiovascular risk
Dietary zinc intake and 10-year atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease risk in diabetes mellitus patients: evidence from NHANES database.
We explored the relationship between dietary zinc intake and the risk of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD) in patients with diabetes mellitus (DM). Utilizing data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) between 2007 and 2018, we calculated the 10-year ASCVD risk according to established clinical guidelines. Our analysis focused on dietary zinc intake based on food recall data from the participants.
The findings suggest that sufficient dietary zinc intake could positively influence cardiovascular health in diabetes patients. This is particularly important, as diabetes is closely linked with increased oxidative stress and inflammation, two factors that contribute to the development of heart disease. While we see an association between zinc and improved heart health, it's essential to note that further research is needed. Large-scale, well-designed prospective studies should aim to clarify the specific role of zinc in this context.
Overall, our results underscore the potential benefits of zinc for cardiovascular health, particularly in individuals managing diabetes. As we delve deeper into these associations, we aim to provide clearer guidance on how dietary choices can impact health outcomes for those living with diabetes.
7
Zinc's role in cardiovascular health
A pilot study on the relationship between zinc deficiency and anthropometric and metabolic parameters in obese adults in Serbia.
We explored how zinc deficiency relates to cardiovascular disease among obese adults in Serbia. By conducting a case-control study with 31 obese participants and 31 control subjects, we set out to understand how zinc affects body weight, lipid levels, and inflammation.
Our findings revealed that obese individuals had significantly lower serum zinc levels compared to those who weren't obese. We observed notable negative correlations between zinc levels and various health metrics, including body weight, body fat percentage, and triglycerides.
On the flip side, higher zinc levels correlated positively with beneficial high-density lipoproteins. Interestingly, we noted that the atherosclerotic index was significantly linked to zinc, suggesting that zinc status could play a role in assessing cardiovascular risk in obese individuals.
While this study spotlights zinc's intriguing relationship with cardiovascular risk factors, it does not specifically evaluate the benefits of zinc treatment on cardiovascular outcomes.
9
Zinc counters heart cell injury
Zn protects H9C2 cardiomyocytes by alleviating MAMs-associated apoptosis and calcium signaling dysregulation.
We set out to investigate how zinc might help protect heart cells from damage caused by a lack of blood flow, known as myocardial ischemia-reperfusion injury (MIRI). Using H9C2 cells, which are derived from rat heart tissue, we simulated this injury by depriving these cells of oxygen and then reintroducing it while treating them with zinc.
Through this process, we found that zinc treatment significantly increased cell viability compared to those that did not receive zinc. Cells exposed to ischemia showed typical signs of trauma, like heightened levels of apoptosis—or programmed cell death—and calcium overload, which can further damage cells.
Interestingly, zinc seemed to tackle these issues by lowering the levels of certain proteins related to cell death. It also played a role in regulating calcium levels by interacting with various cellular pathways. In fact, when we silenced specific proteins involved in these pathways, the protective benefits of zinc were even more pronounced.
Our findings suggest that zinc can relieve the harmful effects of ischemia by mitigating cell death and regulating calcium overload, which offers hope for future treatments for heart-related conditions impacted by blood flow interruptions.
9
Zinc nanoparticles reduce heart damage
Role of zinc oxide nanoparticles supplementation on alleviate side effects of cisplatin induced cardiotoxicity in rats.
We focused our research on how zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnONPs) might help reduce heart damage caused by cisplatin, a well-known chemotherapy drug. In this study, we used rats divided into different groups, some receiving varying doses of ZnONPs and others serving as control groups.
Our findings indicated that as the dosage of ZnONPs increased up to 50 mg/kg, there was a marked improvement in cardiovascular markers. We observed reduced levels of oxidative stress, inflammation, and cell damage in the heart tissues of those treated with ZnONPs. More specifically, measures related to heart tissue health and serum biomarkers showed that rats receiving higher doses exhibited recovery similar to that of healthy rats.
Overall, we concluded that ZnONPs serve as a protective agent against cisplatin-induced cardiotoxicity, showcasing their potential in improving heart health during cancer treatment.
7
Zinc's role in heart health
Exacerbation by knocking-out metallothionein gene of obesity-induced cardiac remodeling is associated with the activation of CARD9 signaling.
In our exploration of the effects of zinc on cardiovascular health, we examined how the metallothionein (MT) gene influences heart remodeling linked to obesity. Using a mouse model fed a high-fat diet (HFD), we observed that the deletion of the MT gene intensified obesity and its related cardiac issues, such as inflammation and hypertrophy.
Highlighting the role of zinc, we found that it can help counteract these negative changes. Zinc supplementation led to an increase in MT levels, which appeared to protect against the exaggerated effects of HFD. When we looked closer, mice without the MT gene showed heightened activation of the CARD9 and BCL10 proteins, which are associated with inflammation and cardiac remodeling.
This study indicates that zinc not only supports the regulation of trace metals in the body but may also play a crucial protective role against the cardiac damage caused by obesity. In fact, it seems that zinc could be an essential ally in managing cardiovascular risks linked to high-fat diets and obesity-related inflammation.
References
Lyu X, Chen L, Wang W. Dietary zinc intake and 10-year atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease risk in diabetes mellitus patients: evidence from NHANES database. Thromb J. 2025;23:18. doi:10.1186/s12959-025-00693-0
Ma YT, Laga T, Zhong CN, Zhuang BQ, Quan HL, et al. ANP Increases Zn Accumulation During Reperfusion in Ex Vivo and In Vivo Hearts. Curr Med Sci. 2025;45:35. doi:10.1007/s11596-025-00019-1
Al-Lbban AM. Role of zinc oxide nanoparticles supplementation on alleviate side effects of cisplatin induced cardiotoxicity in rats. Braz J Biol. 2025;84:e287764. doi:10.1590/1519-6984.287764
Soskic S, Gluvic Z, Obradovic M, Ilincic B, Cabarkapa V, et al. A pilot study on the relationship between zinc deficiency and anthropometric and metabolic parameters in obese adults in Serbia. Scand J Clin Lab Invest. 2025;85:51. doi:10.1080/00365513.2025.2460034
Zhang H, Zhou W, Wang X, Men H, Wang J, et al. Exacerbation by knocking-out metallothionein gene of obesity-induced cardiac remodeling is associated with the activation of CARD9 signaling. Int J Biol Sci. 2025;21:1032. doi:10.7150/ijbs.105513
Guo J, Ma T, Wang B, Xing B, Huang L, et al. Zn protects H9C2 cardiomyocytes by alleviating MAMs-associated apoptosis and calcium signaling dysregulation. Cell Signal. 2025;127:111629. doi:10.1016/j.cellsig.2025.111629
Azadi NA, Nakhaee S, Hassan NE, Mansouri B, Ariyaee M. Role of toxic and essential elements in sleep duration of patients with cardiovascular diseases. Sci Rep. 2025;15:2392. doi:10.1038/s41598-025-86873-4